[442][443][444][445], The Ministry of National Education is responsible for pre-tertiary education. [331][332] As well as Turkish Airlines, flag carrier of Turkey since 1933, several other airlines operate in the country.

[251], According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, the AKP government has waged one of the world's biggest crackdowns on media freedom. [298] In the economic crisis of 2016 it emerged that the huge debts incurred for investment during the AKP government since 2002 had mostly been consumed in construction, rather than invested in sustainable economic growth.

The understanding of perspective was different from that of the nearby European Renaissance painting tradition, and the scene depicted often included different time periods and spaces in one picture.

[131][132][133] Steps towards decentralisation[when?] Following the publication of Ünver's book subsequent studies were published, including a 1978 study by a historian named Bahaettin Ögel about the Central Asian origins of Turkish cuisine. Following the death of Theodosius I in 395 and the permanent division of the Roman Empire between his two sons, the city, which would popularly come to be known as Constantinople, became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. According to Acts of Apostles 11,[58] Antioch (now Antakya), a city in southern Turkey, is the birthplace of the first Christian community.[59]. İsmet İnönü became Turkey's second President following Atatürk's death on 10 November 1938. [141][142] The electoral threshold is ten percent of the votes. Yogurt salads, fish in olive oil, sherbet and stuffed and wrapped vegetables became Turkish staples. [255] In its resolution "The functioning of democratic institutions in Turkey" on 22 June 2016, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe warned that "recent developments in Turkey pertaining to freedom of the media and of expression, erosion of the rule of law and the human rights violations in relation to anti-terrorism security operations in south-east Turkey have (...) raised serious questions about the functioning of its democratic institutions."[256]. It consists of the construction of a spaceport, the development of satellite launch vehicles as well as the establishment of remote earth stations. However, the authority to declare war and to deploy the Turkish Armed Forces to foreign countries or to allow foreign armed forces to be stationed in Turkey rests solely with the Parliament. [213][needs update] Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. [501] The country's position between Europe, Asia and the Mediterranean Sea helped the Turks in gaining complete control of the major trade routes, and an ideal landscape and climate allowed plants and animals to flourish. In 1243, the Seljuk armies were defeated by the Mongols at the Battle of Köse Dağ, causing the Seljuk Empire's power to slowly disintegrate.

[439] The Association of Atheism (Ateizm Derneği), the first official atheist organisation in the Balkans or Middle East, was founded in 2014. ", "Turkey constitutional changes: what are they, how did they come about and how are they different? So for a full year they met together with the church and taught large numbers of people. As a general trend, the inland Anatolian plateau becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward.[266]. [282], Winters on the eastern part of the plateau are especially severe.

Cette région est appelée Trakya en turc et corre… The capital of Turkey is Ankara, and its largest city is Istanbul. Following Alexander's death in 323 BC, Anatolia was subsequently divided into a number of small Hellenistic kingdoms, all of which became part of the Roman Republic by the mid-1st century BC. Turkey's migrant crisis created after an estimated 2.5 percent of the population are international migrants. [230] The initial reason given by the PKK for this was the oppression of Kurds in Turkey. [396], The highest Islamic religious authority is the Presidency of Religious Affairs (Turkish: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı); it interprets the Hanafi school of law, and is responsible for regulating the operation of the country's 80,000 registered mosques and employing local and provincial imams. [464], Turkey has a very diverse culture that is a blend of various elements of the Turkic, Anatolian, Ottoman (which was itself a continuation of both Greco-Roman and Islamic cultures) and Western culture and traditions, which started with the Westernisation of the Ottoman Empire and still continues today. [16] The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, when it disintegrated into small Turkish principalities called beyliks. As of 2014[update], the country has a roadway network of 65,623 kilometres (40,776 miles).