Rétabli par Gabinius[c], le gouverneur de Syrie, Ptolémée XII se lance dans une série de massacres, de proscriptions et d'assassinats (dont sa propre fille Bérénice, la demi-sœur de Cléopâtre). Ces historiens estiment dès lors qu'Octave aurait fait exécuter Cléopâtre. [379], Cleopatra is barely mentioned in De Bello Alexandrino, the memoirs of an unknown staff officer who served under Caesar. [205] The Esquiline Venus is generally thought to be a mid-1st-century AD Roman copy of a 1st-century BC Greek original from the school of Pasiteles.

Pompey had been a political ally of Ptolemy XII, but Ptolemy XIII, at the urging of his court eunuchs, had Pompey ambushed and killed before Caesar arrived and occupied Alexandria.

[277][280][281], Antony and Cleopatra traveled together to Ephesus in 32 BC, where she provided him with 200 of the 800 naval ships he was able to acquire. [365][367] However, Ptolemy was eventually executed by the Roman emperor Caligula in 40 AD, perhaps under the pretense that Ptolemy had unlawfully minted his own royal coinage and utilized regalia reserved for the Roman emperor. [65][66][67], The Roman financiers of Ptolemy XII remained determined to restore him to power. Het overtuigde de Senaat om een oorlog te beginnen tegen Egypte. the diadem) to make herself more appealing to the citizens of Republican Rome. Hij vernieuwde zijn relatie met Cleopatra, en van dan af zou Alexandrië zijn thuis worden.
[56] A highly similar painted bust of a woman with a blue headband in the House of the Orchard at Pompeii features Egyptian-style imagery, such as a Greek-style sphinx, and may have been created by the same artist. Antoine projette en effet de faire oublier son échec contre les Parthes et lance en -35 une seconde expédition plus chanceuse. [241][236] She was even given the region surrounding Jericho in Palestine, but she leased this territory back to Herod.

[304] Octavian was impressed by his speech and sense of loyalty, so he allowed him to maintain his position in Judea, further isolating Antony and Cleopatra. was koningin van het oude Egypte, het laatste lid van de Ptolemaeïsche dynastie en daarmee de laatste Hellenistische heerseres van Egypte. [123][124][125][note 31] Caesar expressed grief and outrage over the killing of Pompey and called on both Ptolemy XIII and Cleopatra to disband their forces and reconcile with each other. [48][49] Ptolemy XII responded to the threat of possible annexation by offering remuneration and lavish gifts to powerful Roman statesmen, such as Pompey during his campaign against Mithridates VI of Pontus, and eventually Julius Caesar after he became Roman consul in 59 BC. Il est possible d'imaginer qu'elle dut observer les événements du règne chaotique de son père avec une grande acuité. [216], By the spring of 40 BC, Antony left Egypt due to troubles in Syria, where his governor Lucius Decidius Saxa was killed and his army taken by Quintus Labienus, a former officer under Cassius who now served the Parthian Empire. Cette sculpture en basalte figure Cléopâtre, coiffée d'une lourde perruque, sous les traits de son ancêtre, Arsinoé II divinisée, dont elle reprend le motif de la double corne d'abondance. Suétone affirme à ce propos que Cléopâtre est la plus grande passion de César[29] ; mais il écrit plus d'un siècle et demi après les faits. In 41 v.Chr.

[27][28] However, with opposition building at the royal court against the idea of a sole reigning female monarch, Berenice III accepted joint rule and marriage with her cousin and stepson Ptolemy XI Alexander II, an arrangement made by the Roman dictator Sulla.

[188][189][191] A few months later, Cleopatra had Ptolemy XIV killed by poisoning, elevating her son Caesarion as her co-ruler. And her father, Antiochus III the Great, was a descendant of Apama, the Sogdian Iranian [490] wife of Seleucus I. [276], A papyrus document dated to February 33 BC, later used to wrap a mummy, contains the signature of Cleopatra, probably written by an official authorized to sign for her. [40][493][note 81] Michael Grant asserts that there is only one known Egyptian mistress of a Ptolemy and no known Egyptian wife of a Ptolemy, further arguing that Cleopatra probably did not have any Egyptian ancestry and "would have described herself as Greek. Il semble que la reine se soit préoccupée essentiellement de l'approvisionnement d'Alexandrie, centre de son pouvoir mais prompte à la rébellion. Peut-être faut-il y voir une attention plus marquée, rare chez ses prédécesseurs si l'on excepte Ptolémée VIII, envers les Égyptiens indigènes, thèse la plus consensuelle. [296] Antony followed Cleopatra and boarded her ship, identified by its distinctive purple sails, as the two escaped the battle and headed for Tainaron.

César, qui débarque deux jours plus tard, est en apparence furieux de ce lâche forfait et n'éprouve pour le pharaon que mépris, car ce n'est pas son adversaire qu'on a lâchement frappé dans le dos mais Rome elle-même[21].