The driest regions are the Konya Plain and the Malatya Plain, where annual rainfall is often less than 300 millimetres (12 inches). [32][33] Turkey is a secular, unitary, formerly parliamentary republic that adopted a presidential system with a referendum in 2017; the new system came into effect with the presidential election in 2018. The traditional national sport of Turkey has been yağlı güreş (oil wrestling) since Ottoman times. Starting around 1200 BC, the coast of Anatolia was heavily settled by Aeolian and Ionian Greeks. [496][497], Turkish cuisine is largely the heritage of Ottoman cuisine. The Turkish government has granted Turkish citizenship to refugees who have joined the Syrian National Army.

Carte Bodrum, La région de Bodrum est Muğla se trouve dans le pays de Turquie (TR) . [528] As of December 2016, at least 81 journalists were imprisoned in Turkey and more than 100 news outlets were closed. [453] According to the 2012–2013 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, the top university in Turkey is Middle East Technical University, followed by Bilkent University and Koç University, Istanbul Technical University and Boğaziçi University. The Ottomans completed their conquest of the Byzantine Empire by capturing its capital, Constantinople, in 1453: their commander thenceforth being known as Mehmed the Conqueror. The Sephardi Jews, who were expelled from the Iberian peninsula and southern Italy under the control of the Spanish Empire, were welcomed into the Ottoman Empire between the late-15th and mid-16th centuries.
[160], Turkey has adopted the principle of the separation of powers. In the early years of the 21st century, the chronically high inflation was brought under control; this led to the launch of a new currency, the Turkish new lira (Yeni Türk Lirası) in 2005, to cement the acquisition of the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy. [11][372][373][374][375] Minority groups other than the three religious minorities recognised in the Treaty of Lausanne (Armenians, Greeks and Jews) do not have any official rights, and use of the minority languages of Turkey is restricted.


[282] Annual precipitation averages about 400 millimetres (16 inches), with actual amounts determined by elevation.

The Turkish Space Launch System (UFS) is a project to develop the satellite launch capability of Turkey. [274][275], There are 40 national parks, 189 nature parks, 31 nature preserve areas, 80 wildlife protection areas and 109 nature monuments in Turkey such as Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park, Mount Nemrut National Park, Ancient Troya National Park, Ölüdeniz Nature Park and Polonezköy Nature Park.[276].

[358] The largest city in Turkey, Istanbul, is also the largest city in Europe by population, and the third-largest city in Europe in terms of size.

However, the ban was lifted from universities in 2011, from government buildings in 2013,[400] from schools in 2014[401] and from the Armed Forces in 2017. According to Eurostat data, Turkish GDP per capita adjusted by purchasing power standards stood at 61 percent of the EU average in 2019. ", "Europarat sieht Türkei auf dem Weg in die Autokratie", "EU: Bericht: Europarat sieht Türkei auf dem Weg in die Autokratie", "Türkei: Europarat warnt vor drohender Autokratie", "The Latest: Turkey releases official referendum results", "Turkey referendum: Erdogan declares victory", "Turkish constitutional referendum: TRexit from parliamentary democracy? [219][220] Turkish Armed Forces have overseas military bases in Albania,[221] Iraq,[222] Qatar,[223] and Somalia. [418] Under the government of the Justice and Development Party (AKP), discrimination against, and persecution of, the Alevi minority has increased. It is estimated that there are at least 47 ethnic groups represented in Turkey.